Performing an ICO typically entails deploying code to mint a coin on the Ethereum community, outlining the ambitions for a challenge on a web site, and soliciting funding. “Many initiatives had been little greater than a white paper and a touchdown web page with a countdown timer—the barrier to entry was minimal,” says Wang.
Although a handful of crypto initiatives that raised funds by ICO stay in operation—together with Ethereum itself—the growth was largely characterised by grift and chicanery, analysts say, earlier than monetary regulators ultimately cracked down on the observe. Incessantly, builders misrepresented the utility and capabilities of their initiatives, manipulated the value of cash to generate hype, and wildly overstated the income obtainable to traders, analysts declare.
Builders “had been making an attempt to actually push the thought of getting loopy returns,” says Nicolai Søndergaard, analysis analyst at blockchain analytics firm Nansen, including, “That’s the place the FOMO actually is available in.”
The clamor round ICOs led credulous traders to conduct little due diligence of their eagerness to revenue, in the same method to merchants who as we speak race into doubtful memecoins. “There are a number of parallels between the meme frenzy and ICOs,” says Søndergaard. “It’s fairly straightforward to promote an concept for the plenty, then rug it.”
The developer going by the title Dylan Kerler started to advertise EthereumCash, their hottest coin, in early October 2017.
The developer adopted largely the identical playbook as their earlier launches: They minted the coin on Ethereum, created a web site, and marketed on BitcoinTalk, Twitter, and Telegram. To create a swell of enthusiasm, they handed out bundles of the coin at no cost in what’s referred to as an airdrop. Then they promised to publish a white paper, which at the moment was thought-about a sign of legitimacy prone to propel the value upward.
“You wish to push a white paper. That’s what will get individuals ,” says Søndergaard. “Typically, simply the promise of a white paper was sufficient.”
Screenshots of the now-deleted web site posted on Telegram reveal how the coin was offered to potential traders. “We purpose to make the transition from fiat foreign money to cryptocurrency as simply as doable while nonetheless sustaining an inheritor [sic] of integrity an [sic] sophistication,” the web site acknowledged. Beneath, the web page featured a picture of a financial institution card that may purportedly enable holders to spend EthereumCash in shops.
Inside a number of days, lots of of individuals signed up for the EthereumCash airdrop, a spreadsheet obtained by WIRED exhibits. In the meantime, the BitcoinTalk thread was abuzz with dialog. “Let [sic] unfold the phrase and get individuals to note this nice token,” wrote one discussion board person. By October 19, EthereumCash had risen in worth to round $1.3 million.
Nevertheless, as early traders celebrated, behind the scenes the developer going by Dylan Kerler was starting to promote.
Within the days after creating EthereumCash, the developer delivered tens of millions of models to quite a lot of crypto wallets underneath their management. A type of crypto wallets, whose alphanumeric identifier begins in 0x7f3E2, was then used to promote giant portions into the market, a CertiK evaluation exhibits.
![How To Drive Extra Conversions With Fewer Clicks [MozCon 2025 Speaker Series]](https://blog.aimactgrow.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Mozcon2025_Speaker-OGimage_1600x900_RebeccaJackson_London-120x86.png)
